Psychotherapy High Wycombe |
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The brain adapts to use of alcohol and some other drugs in such a way that symptoms may result when the substance is reduced or discontinued, leading to diagnosis of this Substance-Related Disorder. This varies in intensity from no detectable symptoms to extreme discomfort with withdrawal.
A. Either of the following:
(1) cessation of (or reduction in) opioid use that has been heavy and prolonged (several weeks or longer)
(2) administration of an opioid antagonist after a period of opioid use
B. Three (or more) of the following, developing within minutes to several days after Criterion A:
(1) dysphoric mood
(2) nausea or vomiting
(3) muscle aches
(4) lacrimation or rhinorrhea
(5) pupillary dilation, piloerection, or sweating
(6) diarrhea
(7) yawning
(8) fever
(9) Insomnia
C. The symptoms in Criterion B cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
D. The symptoms are not due to a general medical condition and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder.
Based on the Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition APA
Topic | HYPNOSIS MISC |
Reference | Zachariae, R., Andersen, O. K., Bjerring, P., Jorgensen, M. M. (1998). Effects of an opioid antagonist on pain intensity and withdrawal reflexes durin |
Topic | HYPNOTHERAPY RESEARCH MISC |
Reference | Ohrbach R, Patterson DR, Carrougher G, Gibran N. Hypnosis after an adverse response to opioids in an ICU burn patient. Clin J Pain. 1998;14(2):167-175 |
The online Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders lists most of the major psychological disorders and illnesses and lists the criteria that must be fulfilled in order for a diagnosis to be made. This resource is not a substitute for proper professional psychiatric diagnosis.
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Last Updated 25 April 2024 ()